Nutrient pollution jeopardizes Long Island Sound salt marshes

Courtesy: Longislandsoundstudy.net

By Andy Landolfi

While efforts continue to remove excess nitrogen and other nutrients from the Long Island Sound, the repercussions of nutrient saturation continue to plague estuary salt marshes.

“What happens when a marsh is exposed to chronic nutrient pollution is that it becomes much easier for the plant to take up nutrients,” said Harry Yamalis, habitat restoration coordinator at the Connecticut DEEP.

The availability of excessive nutrients allows a plant to forego spending energy on building a strong, deeply entrenched root system; a plant grows rapidly by taking in extra nutrients but grows too quickly to balance growth in the root system with overall growth.

“The result is higher above-ground growth and lower below-ground growth,” Yamalis said. “This makes the plant very susceptible to getting essentially pulled out during a storm.”

After Hurricane Sandy, coastal resiliency, in regard to salt marshes, became a concern, Long Island Sound Study Science Coordinator James Ammerman said.

In addition to the increased likelihood that plants in nutrient-rich waters will be pulled out during a storm, the rapid growth in above-ground parts of a plant can cause instability. If a plant grows too rapidly, and a storm does not pull the plant out, the plant will topple over on itself due to the disproportionality between the root system and the overall size of the plant.

The decline in strongly rooted plants in salt marshes has a secondary effect: When vegetation is swept away from either storms or structural collapse, less material is available to supply salt marshes with sediment.

Additionally, standing vegetation also acts as a means of catching sediment carried in water.

“Typically, marsh soils contain from 60 to 90 percent organic material,” Yamalis said. “When an area of tidal marsh is denuded of vegetation as a result of nutrient pollution and storm energy, then it has lost its only source of organic material.”

The overall consequences, Yamalis said, can be long-term or maybe even permanent.

While salt marshes face problems from excess nutrients, they are also threatened by elevated sea levels. They’ve been rising along the Long Island Sound by about 2.35 millimeters each year or about an inch every 10 years.

As sea levels continue to rise, some saltwater marshes could become mudflats.

As saltwater marshes along the Long Island Sound continue to confront and change due to environmental stressors, scientists brace for the effects the loss of this ecosystem will have on human populations.

In an interview with Yale360, Linda Deegan, a marine biologist, describes saltwater marshes as a protective barrier between human populations and coastal cities.

“If you’re losing your salt marsh, you’re losing that protective buffer,” Deegan said.

Andy Landolfi is a senior journalism major at Quinnipiac University. He is writing about the Long Island Sound this spring. He can be reached at andrew.landolfi@quinnipiac.edu.

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New Haven programs work to educate on sustainable food

By Megan Alderman-Person

What is sustainable food?

According to Emmet Hedin, the Yale Sustainable Food Program’s (YSFP) student manager and registered volunteer coordinator, it involves using farming techniques that enhance health, while still protecting our environment.

Hedin grew up on a farm in the Midwest and always knew he wanted to be a part of the sustainable food industry. However, Hedin said Yale’s effort is not restricted to people in the food and agriculture industry, but welcomes anyone who is interested in learning more about sustainable food.

“Our aim is to help food literacy leaders create conversations among students and other food leaders today to help people,” Hedin said. “[Members] can talk about issues they never even considered before and create a sense of community on campus.”

Another organization aiming to bring some clarity and organization to the food system is the New Haven Food Policy Council. Mark Firla, a member, said it is an umbrella organization that aims to tackle issues of food and social justice in New Haven. There are many different working groups within the council, each with a different agenda.

One of these groups aims to help with low-income food assistance in New Haven. The members helped to expand the Commodity Supplemental Food Program for the elderly into Connecticut.

According to the United States Department of Agriculture’s website, “The Commodity Supplemental Food Program works to help improve the health of low-income persons at least 60 years of age by supplementing their diets with nutritious food products.”

The YSFP is also involved with the off-campus community. It has volunteer opportunities on its one-acre farm, where New Haven residents, students and guests of the university can get their hands dirty.

The produce from the farm is sometimes sold at the Worcester Square Farmers Market, the Yale catering service, or to local restaurants.

The YSFP also uses the farm for the “seed to salad” program, in which students from public elementary schools in New Haven come to work with the soil.

“It’s important for these students to get exposure,” Hedin said. “They learn that lettuce doesn’t come from the aisle at Stop and Shop. It comes from the ground.”

Meghan Alderman-Person is a senior journalism major at Quinnipiac University. She is writing about food this spring. She can be reached at meghan.alderman-person@quinnipiac.edu.

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Environmental officials wage quiet battle off Connecticut’s coast

By Andy Landolfi

Looking out across the Long Island Sound at the East Haven Town Beach satisfies an unexplainable natural desire. Watching gentle bumps of water crawl toward the sleepy shoreline and then witnessing the elegant transition between wave and white froth allows for a sense of calm to wash over anyone watching.

Yet beneath the hypnotic waves, a silent battle is waged — a nutrient war persists.

According to Mark Tedesco, the office director of the Long Island Sound EPA Division, managing the amount of nitrogen present in Long Island Sound is a chief concern.

“Nitrogen pollution,” Tedesco said, “robs the water of dissolved oxygen.”

According to a document released by the Long Island Sound Study, a Long Island Sound research group, nitrogen robs water of oxygen in a secondhand fashion: nitrogen increases the growth of algal blooms. Once these algal blooms die, the decaying algae leach dissolved oxygen from the water. The decline in dissolved oxygen then threatens to unsettle the ecosystem and the wildlife living in and around the water.

Combating the levels of nitrogen in the water is not an easy undertaking, Tedesco said.

“There are a few different ways that nitrogen enters the Sound,” Tedesco said. “The major source is wastewater treatment facilities.”

Nitrogen in wastewater primarily comes in the form of ammonia from human urine, and, although wastewater treatment facilities remove some of the nitrogen, the process is far from perfect. With nearly 275 billion gallons of treated water pouring into the Long Island Sound each year from any of the 106 wastewater treatment plants along the Long Island Sound, any imperfections in the denitrification process at any of the facilities carries consequences.

This year, the EPA has allocated $40 million to help improve the existing technology at wastewater treatment plants along the Long Island Sound to help alleviate the growing problem, and initial goals have been met.

But despite the gains made in nitrogen reduction through upgrades in technology at wastewater treatment facilities, alternate sources bring nitrogen into the Long Island Sound.

According to Tedesco, two other avenues of nutrient pollution in the form of nitrogen are atmospheric and fertilizer-based. After periods of rainfall, fertilizer, which contains a great deal of nitrogen, mixes with runoff. This runoff, and the nitrogen-laced fertilizer it carries, eventually drains into the Long Island Sound. Then atmospheric nitrogen, through the process of atmospheric deposition, ends up in the sound after pollutants trapped in the atmosphere are captured by falling precipitation and carried to the ground.

Unlike nitrogen arriving in the Long Island Sound through wastewater treatment, reducing the amount of fertilizer and atmospheric nitrogen deposition is more complex because the reduction comes through raising awareness with the general population rather than infrastructure upgrades that can be controlled by the government, Tedesco said.

“We’ve started to use Twitter and other online platforms to reach out to the public,” communications coordinator for the New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission, Robert Burg, said. “We’ve also started to post all of our previously paper based reports online for better accessibility.”

Through digital and other outreach strategies, Tedesco and Burg hope to raise awareness about how minor changes in personal behavior — testing the soil before fertilizing, for instance — could greatly improve the health and quality of the Long Island Sound for people and animals alike.

Andy Landolfi is a senior journalism major at Quinnipiac University. He is writing about the Long Island Sound this spring. He can be reached at andrew.landolfi@quinnipiac.edu.

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